6) Over the years, India has earned the sobriquet of the ‘pharmacy of the world’ for being a leading supplier of affordable drugs to many countries. But experts argue that India could soon lose this tag. Examine why. (250 Words)

1. Unsustainalble manufacturing practices, that is why schedule M of drugs and comsetics act 1940, ask manufacturers to deploy best manufatcuring practices in pharmaceutical industry
2.high regulatory costs involved due to guidelines by regulatory bodies (over regulation), National pricing and pharmaceutical authority issues guidleines on the medicines to be inducted into national list of essential medicines, in that case, the price is also fixed by them for these medicines. So many producers of such drugs suffer loss.
3. NPPA also regulates non essential medicines, in such case it has given rise to pressur groups, to pressurise the government to bring down the costs of such medincines
4. generic medicines are not accepted by many people due to risks (they fear). Howver,t here are little evidences of anything going wrong due to generic medicines. this send wrong signal to the world and experts fear india will lose "pharmacy of the   world' tag (howver USA recently forumlates atask force to come up with generic medicines on account of high costs of brnaded medicines ), such examples do favour right generic medicine policy of the government.
5. ethical issues involved in the clinical trials, many deaths caused due to the vaccine proposed which is cmpletely indigeneous, also somewhere affect the ambition of India being called 'pharmacy to the world'

5) The issue of alcoholism is complex and India requires the framing of a comprehensive liquor policy that regulates, rehabilitates, and refocuses on the importance of awareness creation. Analyse. (250 Words)

1. Despite liquor ban policy in Bihar and Gujarat, we have had liquor raids conducted by the administration to catch hold of the unscrupopous elements of the society who deal with liquor. So a comprehensive liquor policy that refocuses on awareness is required
2/ Liquor policy is complex issue, recently with Supreme court guidelines to ban liquor sale within 500 m of national highways have evoke complex responss from toddy shops that are loacted within the range. It is claimed taht toddy has 8% alcohol and so it does not qualify to be banned as per supreme court guidelines. Banning them, shakes the shopkeepers whose family is dependent on them; which is disheartening. Hence, a liquor policy that regulates the right product with right intent is needed
3. Rehabilitation centre is also required. Why we can not take examples from Phillipines, where the president of the nation has launched nation waide campaign to end youth drugs menace. Liquor is similar to drugs. International help will be required to formulate a comprehensive liquor policy on rehabilitation
4. Directive principles of state policy also aim for stopping intoxicating drinks in Art 47. The state can frame suitable laws and policy to implement this directive
5. Local self government can help a lot in achieving this objective, because sale of liquor can be clearly monitored by these institutions through a steering committee formed by the municipal commissioner in an urban area and zilla parishad chairman in a rural area

4) Comment on the existing financial resolution regime in India and the reforms needed to strengthen it. (250 Words)

At present, financial resolution regime consists of
1. lenders and borrowers dispute being solved by the insolvency professionals , in the recent insolvency and bakruptcy code 2016, any lender (say banks) feel that it would nt be able to reclaim money from the borrowers in a stipulated amount of time, the the lender can drag the borrowers in the debt recovery tribunals. The tribunals will solve the dispute via insolvency professional (if the borrower claims himself or herself to be insolvent).
2. This regime is an improvement over the older regime of company law board regime (if the borrower happens to be a firm under Companies Act 2013). Howver, there are still some lacunae. There is a provision of extension of due date for the case to be solved. This will further delay the process and litigation continues. It does not support ease of doing business.

1. There should be a provision of reduction in due date once the insolvency professional accepte the application. 
2. Time period should be successively reduced with each step moved forward. 
3. The lender should be awarded for having recliamed the amount from the borrower in less than stipulated time as provided in Insolvency and bankruptcy code 2016

Other reforms needed are
1. cluster based approach for financial  resolution, MSME sector should be once cluster such that all disputes related to MSME can be solved in one particular tribunal, similarly cluster for farmers for manufacturing industry, for FMCG companies and so on
2. in case of banks, the equity of banks that wil go bankrupt, is not agood idea. Why should a person end up with equity of loss making bank 

3) Analyse the evolution of the Election Commission of India and its effectiveness in ensuring inclusiveness, rule of law, efficiency, and accountability of the election process. (250 Words)

It was thought by the constitution makers to form a constitutional indepndent body that performs the task of managing elections impartially and with credibility. According to Article 324 of the constitution, Election commission of India was set up. The framers of the constitution was very roght in their intent because
1. India is vast democratic country , no other country where an independent body is given mammoth task of conducting free and fair election, preparing electoral rolls, de-duplication of voter names in the electoral rolls (1.2 billion people where say more than 60% come to vote in ageneral election)
Its effectiveness
1. It lays down model code of conduct before elections; this shows efficiency of the institution and prepared methodology to checjk unruling behaviour during the election time
2. it brings in innovation , VVPAT and machine readble formats are the brain child of election commission
3. it also puts the right person for the right task for e.g. electoral officer, returning officer, there is decorum in the appointments
4. paid news; when such cases appear, the election commission has conveyed to the political party and have even remitted fines due to immoral activities, when they do not accept then, inquiries are conducted
So, its an important pillar of democracy for conducting free and fair elections

2) What is geothermal heat flux (GHF)? How does it affect earth’s surface? (150 Words)

1. Amount of heat radiated per unit surface area (terrestrial area) of the earth surface is called geothermal heat flux. It is caused by molten magma inside the earth's crust that are in a circular loop
2. Higher heat flux, will lead to colder earth' surface such that air mass above it will be colder and if the heat flux is lower than , it wll lead to hotter earth surface such that air mass above it will be hotter
3. it affect weather of a place situated at a particular earth' surface, wetaher intruns affect the climate of a place

** You are conceptually very right. You will be awraded some marks for it

1) What causes acidification of oceans and freshwater bodies? What are the consequences of the same? Examine. (250 Words)

reasons for acidification of oceans and freshwater bodies are
1. CO2 intake due to release by thermal power plants and other polluters
2. anthropological factors that emit CO2 for e.g. human population
3. thermal disharge by industries into oceans and fresh water bodies
4. geographical contiguous region of oceans, lead to further dilution of CO2and more CO2 accepting potential
5. economical factors such as nations which are oil and gas dependent, are extracting more oil an release more CO2 in distillation process, these being gulf nations, lead to gasification of oceans
Consequences are
1. affecting aquatic life like fish, krills in atarctica
2. degassing phenomen also acoour, leading to increase CO2 concentration in the artmosphere
3. affect coatsal cites and their livelihood
4. warming of oceans, in some way contribute towards el nino
5. cultural affects: acidification leads to more scientific demonstrator experiments, mostly carried by scandividain countries loacted alongside arctic ocean
6. also affect landscapes such as himalayas, by affecting temperatures of indian ocean  and hence tempertaure difference affect in a way monsoon and thus landscapes

3) What should be India’s priorities when dealing with the ASEAN? Also comment on current state of India’s relationship with ASEAN countries. (250 Words)

India's priorities should be new innovative projects. Other priorities should be :
1. completing the laready exisiting projects such as IMT highway, Multi modal transport highway within a timeline (these are affecting investment from ASEAN nations into india
2. Agriculture : diversified agricultural exports agreement should be doen with these ASEAN nations, it has not been thought before, we are primarily dependent on european countries for agricultural export. It will increase share of agriculture in GDP and bring inclusive growth (will reach out to farmers, pullling effect for all the projects such as NAM, food processing industries due to better forward and backward linkages
3. Priorities on defence: we have yet not started to procure defence equipments from these nations, their capacity building in this area is limited, dependent on Russia and Israel, Why can;t we route defence capabilities from Russia and Israel to ASEAN, build up a suitable base and then receive the required materials from ASEAN nations.
4. Improved cultural linkages : we have better people t people ties , but still there is not something like Haj , muslims go on to offer in Saudi Arabia, we can start buddhism pilgrimage subsidy routes in ASEAN nations
India's reationship with ASEAN
1. better cultural contacts, sky routes , cheap airlines running between india and thailand, malaysia etc
2. infrastruture projects like IMT sepak of ACT east policy in tru spirit
3. International rice reserach institute helps india in providing information about better rice varieties (since india faces sever drought like conditions in northern and central india)
4. contribution of indian diaspora
However, it is limited in
1. trade
2. joint environmental initiative 

2) China is gradually moving to a position where it will play an increasingly dominant role in the world’s international affairs, disrupting established institutions and trade routes and building its own alternatives. How should India respond to this development? Discuss. (250 Words)

India should appreciate the positives and restrict itself form embracing the negatives with an iron will. For e.g.
1. India should restrict (and its is already doing so) CPEC, because it passes through disputed region in Jammu Kashmir (POK)
2. It should however, embrace the string of pearls theory with sight modifications, sch that it is not detrimental for its own. for e.g. it can float a similar project of sea route (sea lanes of communication) via strait of malacca to south china sea to sea of okstosk and then arctic sea. this sea lines will be delpoyed for scientific demonstartor experiments in arctic ocean, millitary drills in south china sea encircling nations. Tit for Tat is sometimes thinkable.
3. It can appreciate the belt and road initiative, as it connects asia to europe. India can greatly benfit from this project by drawing a offshoot project that extends from Sikkim to Tibet to China to Yiwu (From yiwu, it will align with belt)
So, in these innovative ways, we can pursue rules based international order, initiating projects with are low cost and benefit the neighbouring nation

1) How did the three-language policy evolve and came to be accepted? In the light of recent accusation about imposition of Hindi, do you think English is key to deciding India’ future language policy? Comment. (250 Words)

English is universal language and it helps to meidate between international bodies knowing that many policy challages are being increasingly solved today with the aid of international bodies such as UN, UNICEF etc). In this light, english may serve as the key to decide future language policy. Other arguments in support of above are:
1. Many educational institutions are npw primarily imparting language in english such as ICSE schools,
2. it increases the better connectivity in job market, many job offering companies want the candidates to communicate in english for serving their clients, offshore locations, call centres and so on.
However, according to the directive principles of state policy,
1. The state should strive to provide an apt environment to give educational instructions in mother tongue upto the age of 6 (this is because best mental development is possible, when mother tongue is used) and anglish not being the mother tongue in india, there is conflict in what state aspire to achieve and what on the job requirements are
2. Right to education only focuses on compulsory primary education between 6-14 years irrespective of language. So this fundamental right does not uphold english as the key to decide India;s future language policy.
So, right balance between Fundamnetal rights, directives to the state and market requirements have to be laid so that we come up with comprehensive future language policy

6) Government reports say 2004-14 had the highest agriculture growth that has fast slipped back to near-zero growth despite normal monsoons and bumper yields. Critically examine the reasons for agriculture distress in recent years and urgent measures needed to salvage the crisis. (250 Words)

Reasons for agricultural distress:

1. Lower productivity due to fragmented land holdings and sub mechanisastion (below standards)

2. Ansense of a proper seed policy (we are still at Seed Policy bill 2005 stage which has not been passed. What stays in place is Seed Act 1968 and Seeds control act 1974, because of which we are not able to curb monopoly in the hybrid seeds and not able to address sufficient consumer complaints)

3. geographicla disparity: still we are at concept stage in Bringing green revolution in eastern India: mentioned in raftaar scheme (Krshi Vikas Yojana)

4. Cultural reasons: Agriculture as stagnated to the limit of geographical expertise, rice is bumper crop in eastern India, tea is a bumper crop in north eastern India, and millet is a bumper crop in western arid region, but why can't it be reverse? rice is bumper crop in western India, millet is a bumper crop in plains in north and tea is a bumper crop in southern india and western ghats ? Geographical conditions required for these crops do exist, but we also have state of art reserach institutes not only in India but also in abroad such as International rice research institute in phillipines which can do this for us. 

So, we have stopped thinking big, there is agricultural distress.

We need to think big in above terms to solve this issue

5) The Consumer Protection Bill of 2018, which was introduced in Lok Sabha on January 5, 2018, seeks to replace the existing Act of 1986 to address emerging consumer vulnerabilities. Discuss the merits and demerits of this Bill. (250 Words)

The merits of the bill need to be appreciated because :

1. It has also penal provisions for the celebrities for endorsing a wrong product. 

2. The penal provisions has been more strengthened in cas ef violation of the norms, for e.g. amount of fine has been increased, it clearly scores over the earlier provisions

3. District cinsumer redressal complaints committee will be more strengthened, this strengthens the decentralised way fo addressing the concerns 

However, there are still some demerits as

1. the irrevocable damage done to the consumer, still there are some cases where a person has been cheated by the transport associations, and after rounds of pleading they are not given proper amount, teh recovery is less, the bill does not specifically deal with such issues

2. the bill is also silent on the service providers, still the damage done by the service provider is not quantifiable and not convertible into sum of money, to be handed over to the victim

*Above 3 merits discussed are right, you can also discuss about CCPA: Central consumer protection authority which is established under the line of Federal tadde commission of USA (developed country). Also this is the frst time, the product liability has been introduced, ie. any damage done by the product, then the products will be recalled and license cancelled if consumer complainst affect more than one individual. So the liability quotient has definitely increased.
** You can also write innovation has been introduced like ciruict benches in order to facilitate quciker disposal of cases
*** the greatest demerit is that it doe not cover the e-commerce transactions (only physical transactions allowed). Also that , the implemetation is the problem. the authority can not take suo motu cognisanse of the ufair trade practice, it can be taken ony through state or district consumer redressal forums. 

3) How did the 1979 ‘Islamic Revolution’ affect the Iranian polity and society? Examine the nature and causes of recent protests by working class people in Iran. (250 Words)

After 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran assumed semi presidential republic. The societal unrest stopped.

Recent protests in iran are more of anti government protests (similar to Arab Spring or Jasmine revolution, though not of the similar intensity), the protests is due ti the economic sanctions on iran due to which the government is not able to provide economic benefits to the people, poverty is rising, oil economy has been shattered.
1. On of the most innovative thing seen in the recent protests in iran: smartphones have played an active role in spreading the protests

2) What do you understand by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)? Examine their impact on monsoon rains in India. (250 Words)

Periodic chnages in the temperature of the ocean surface in the Indian cean and the Pacific ocean in the east is called southern oscialltion, this affect the overall mechanism of El Nino (caused due the warming of the central pacific waters): this combined effect is known as El Nino Southern Oscillation

Indian Ocean diploe is due to the difference in temperature of Indian Ocean across both sides of Srilanka mainland, such that the difference in temperature creates a temperature and pressure gradient is called Indian Ocean dipole

Impact on the monsoon

1. They can delay the monsoon arrival

2. they can reduce the monsoon rain intensity over a period of time 

3. they can cause early reversal of the monsoon or the late reversal of the monsoon

4. Due to the above impacts, the agricultural output will be impacted

5. Rains in Southern India will be impacted (more specifically due to indian ocean dipole due to close geographical proximity to the southern India)

*In first para you are partly right and partly wrong. It is combined effect of el nino (that is warming of central pacific waters) and the air pressure resulting due to such warming (southern oscillation). So warming and cooling water of central pacific result in the changes in sea level pressure, which influences the atmospheric pressure around and above it. This cycle of change in air pressure due to warming and cooling of central pacific waters is called southern Oscillation. When El Nino combines with Southern Oscillation, this is called ENSO. This causes major changes in the atmeospheric flow of air currents across the world. And air currents affect weather

**In 2nd para, better write difference between western Indian Ocean and Eastern Indian Ocean (rather than Sri Lanka mainland)

1) India figures among countries with rapidly increasing income inequality, a problem that urgently needs to be addressed through systemic transformations. Discuss what systemic transformations are required. (250 Words)

Out of box thinking is required:

1. Systematically increase the direct tax n the percentage of people who are the most wealth generators.  (1% Indians are supposed to hold 53% of the country's wealth(, then systematically decrease it. B doing so, it gives them a lesson, until such money is reinvested for the benfits of the people, it is not doing good for the country

2. Upliftment of the bottom 50% of the country through fast paced programmed rather than long -gestation projects, for e.g. doubling the farmer's income by 2022, is in the sense a fast paced program

3. Entrepreneurship to the poor, by uplifting them through schemes such as MUDRA. But this is not a high ambition.  the ambition should be to generate Steve Jobs, Bill gates out of the talent exisiting in rural India

4. Political will: to achieve the aspirations

5. Visions with strategic intent to reduce the income inequality 

Air India, time for privatisation or hook the decision in abeyance?

Recently the gov allowed 49% FDI in Air India, not allowing the  government stake in Air India falling below 51%, i.e. major decision taker in its operation. Are we really thinking ahead of the curve, when decisions should be taken and not wait for the future, until strong signals will appear: we will then repent, that we could have taken a wise decision to privatise the air carrier. 

Why we are fearing the privatisation of  Air India? Multiple viewpoints and reasons appear, historical, geographical, economcial, political and cultural. Lest focus on the last: culture. The government still thinks that Air India represents a long glorious past of the aviation sector, since 1960s, when aviation sector did a great job, ranging from domestic and internation travel. Comeptitiors like Indigo, Sahara, Jet airways might have evolved in due course of time, but they have been caught in various debates and criticism. Indigo is criticised for quality. Shara was criticised for excessive debt, not concerned with tax payers money. Jet Airways, was cricised for not so cheap air tickets, also this flight penetration in the rural sector was not upto mark. ( we have had not seen nationalisation of aviation sector similar to the nationalisation of banks observed during Indira Gandhi gov). 

But does that mean we always need to look for best practices in the country, before taking a leapbound decision? This is box 1 thinking, where you only rely on strong and most obvious signals. We have to go for box3 thinking, where we have to rely on weak signals: they speak that Air India should now be privatised.

What are the weak signals? Air India has a sharp fall in the traffic, consumers now opt for other domestic carriers even if we need to compromise the quality. Reasons are cheap flight tickets and ready availability of tickets because of the number of fleets operating. The competition is growing and in that case, public sector, in my belief has little to offer. Public sector can facilitate but can not massive efficiency generator. Ports sector offer a very important case study: the entire port sector is now benefiting due PPP model. Since, the time TAMP was set up, to set up tarriffs for the major ports, there have been rapid rise in the cargo handles by the major ports and also non major ports that are under the jursidiction of the state government. Could it be possible solely on the goverment  based agendas? Many private container handling ports came after TAMP was set up (Jawahar Lal Nehru port trust was the first terminal set up under PPP model)

So, ports model, can be replicated in the aviation sector. Other weak signals that speak why it should be privatised are:

1. Now, no stamp tickets are available showing Air India, gone are the days when we used to take pride by showing the last hull of air India in a stamp sieze of 1 inch X 1 inch

2. Government is now focussing on Regional connectivity scheme, that will connect major airports to underserved ports. This is a signal that shows that there is a shift in focus. The focus of the government is not on pulling more consumers but it is welfare and area based approach, where it faclitates the operators to connect to places  like Shimla, Bilaspur, Kanpur etc. It would be difficult to go for high efficiency of the aviation sector through this model. 

Hooking the decision to abeyance, will only generate data points. More data points on the efficiency and the outcome, will lead to more confusion. However, it will help in one thing for sure: delay the decision; few years year later we will again come up with cabinet approved decision to increase the FDI in aviation sector to 51%. So, this will mean that much years of loss and loss in the faith of consumers on the government.

I am not looking for box 1 thinking. Let us go for Box 3 thinking. Only out of box thinking will save.

Let us be ethical and out of box. Everything will be fine. 

4) Recently, Russia has positioned itself as a key player in the Middle East’s affairs. What implications will it have on the region? Also examine how will it affect India’s interests in the region. (250 Words)

1. With Russia presence, proxy war strategies come up. US also comes on board with key allies sch as Saudi Arabia, israel and so on. With more players involved, whole stroy gets buckled up, millitary solution does not solve the problem. (recntly there was a get together in Sochi in Russia for the middle east affairs, but no concrete results could come up)

2. India's interest lie more in oil producing states such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and tehcnlogy sharing countries like Israel. India always suffer due to proxy wars beteen USA and Russia, because it leads to a number of sanctions on Iran (nuclear-ambitious) by USA. This stiffles the oil supplies to India, and eventually affect the crude oil price. The effect finally shows up in the downstream activities which use the oil such as transportation, refineries and so on. All these sectors offer inflated prices to the buyers.

3. Various projects such as TAPI, IPI also get tangled due to such issues.

4. It also has a positive effect, as India is now looking for relying on own sources in north western India, supplies from Venezuela (Latin America) which are generally not caught in the web of middle east affairs. Diversification will certainly help in the long run

3) The proposal of a National Exit Test (NEXT) as an exit examination for MBBS graduates to ensure a minimum quality standard is desirable in a country with large gaps in healthcare. Do you think in its current form NEXT serves as a panacea to the lack of standardised medical graduate output in the country? Critically examine. (250 Words)

1. How many exams we will conduct in a country at anational lvele. Recently NEET was in news to serve as a edium to recruit pre medical tests bypassing other PMT tests. the we have changed similar examination pattern for technical institutions. Now we are coming with NEXT, which will allow the medical graduates to exit to maintain quality.
This country is a land of fair and just service provider not a pressure grenerator. Such methods will only create panic among students ( many suicides have been reported in the recent past by students of tehcnical backgrounds, engineering is one of them)
2. To promote a quality driven healthcare institution, innovativ strategies (apart frome xamination model) will have to be designed: for e.g. assignments-driven-qualifying tests, open book examinations and so on. China and US can help us with solving such problems.

2) Why should developing countries persist for a permanent solution to the problem of whether to allow public stockholding of food stocks for food security purposes in the World Trade Organization? Also discuss the current provisions on public stockholding and their limitations. (250 Words)

Permanent solution will solve the following problems for the developig countries:
1. Coutries like India will not be penalised for trangressing the subsidy regime for public tockholding of food stocks. India is a developign country and it needs to feed people via marketable surplus of agriculture. For this government need to give subsidy for procuring food grains at low cost.

At present, the developing countries can't give subisidies for the food grain production beyond 10% of the global value chain. This seriously restrict the government capability to go for full subsidy regime in order to procure food grains at a low cost.

1) What is the intensity and level of domestic tourism in rural and urban India? What are the key reasons for households’ domestic tourism trips? What can we understand from domestic tourism patterns in India? Examine. (250 Words)

1. Tourism in rural india is not a major revenue earner. (as compared to tourism in urban india). In urban india, tourism is more intense, for e.g. Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Bnagalore. There are some cultural places whoch are closer to these cities like Kanchipuram, Noida, National Parks suhc as Panna, bannerghatta national park neiar bangalore Mathura (near Luknow), all these factros further contribute to the tourism in urban areas.
2. tourism in rural areas comprise of places like Mcleodganj in Himachal Pradesh, Places in north east and southern cities: there toursim is mainly due to visiting home places, religious purposes, hill destination etc.
Key factors for households domestic toursim trips are :
1. service sector people : often take out time to visit the places with family in holidays (out of work)
2. increasing income (due to hike in allowance due to government initiiaitves liek 7th pay , hike in private sector etc
3. cultural reasons: old people try to visit pilgrim sites
4. Geographical reasons: due to climate change the landlocked places are becoming hotter than benfore, tso they try to visit places like mussories and so on
We can understand following things from tourism pattern:
1. People have faith in government initiiatives : amarnath yartra, lany pilgrimages apply for the gobv backed intiitiave
2. people are also moving towards nuclear families: more touriism is not possible in joint families( busy schedule)
3. People have more disposable income

3) The National Medical Commission Bill, 2017 that was introduced in the Lok Sabha is not the remedy that can improve quality and quantity of medical education and practice in India. Critically comment. (250 Words)

1. More innovative stratgeies are required to overhaul the medical arena: quality and infrastructure. Patience is reuqired. However, there are some provisions which are inclusive of the medical system in the country for e.g.
1. Ayurveda Unani and Siddh outlets will be capable of issuing medical prescription of allopathy (though this has been widely criticized)
2. This will be partly nominated and partly elected body unlike medical council of india which was wholly elected, this will quicken the process of formation of the council (nomination need not be slow process, as election is often caught into controversial questions by pressure group such as IMA
3. So, in some cases, government role should be more of a facilitator to bring the justice to the socity in this case: medical reforms

2) Electoral bonds scheme could end up bringing more opacity in political funding. Comment. (250 Words)

1. It   brings more opacity because, the donor name is kept anonymous, the bonds are issued by RBI on behalf of government. Earlier atleast through KYC norms, the identity if the donor could be verified. but now due to anonymous donation, it may bring in more opacity.
2. Idea should be made more full proof (not by brainstroming but via suggestions from public submitted on the draft. The draft then can be submitted to secratariat of Lok Sabha for allocating time for the proper discussions on the draft. (This is not the law making process, but policy forumalation)

8) Foreign aid from developed countries in the West has for long been touted as an important tool to help the poorest people in Asia and Africa lead better lives. Examine the ethical issues involved in these foreign aids to poor countries. (150 Words)

1. Foreign aid should not be solely for the benefit of the developed country.  For e.g. recently there have been a lot of critcisim on China sgning FTA with maldives. (that it will acquire the assets in Maldives)
2. Foreign aids must respect humanitarian agenda, it should shun nuclear proliuferation issues
3. It can howver embrace the idea of fighting ill forces such as Taliban bu funding to other terrorist states (as US funds Pakistan to fight Taliban in Afghanistan.: this is seen as ethical but Russia funding Pakistan to propagate communist agendas is not ethical)
4. It should be widely accepted by the society and international neighbours (so that there is no unrest and civil war situation, for e.g. funding to Syrian rebels by Russia is not accepted by USA, Saudi Arabia and other like minded groups

7) There should be differential regulatory mechanisms to deal with cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology respectively. Comment. (150 Words)

1. differential because cryptocurrencies are primarlity used for unscrupolous purposes while bblockchian technology may be beneficial. So same regulatory mechnanism may not serve the true purpose.
2. Block chain technology is the superset of crypto currencies, not all crypto currencies are gained by solving blocks of data (which is the main basis of block chain tehcnology). for e.g. bitcoins is block chain technology. However erethrum is not a block chain technology .So there need to be separate regulatiry mechanism for both
3. Third crypto currencies are traded at stock exchange. So, its regulation requires proper policy inetrefrence with SEBI which is capital market watchdog. However block chain tehcnology need not serve the same purpose.
4. Currently, crypto currencies are not regulated by RBI, howver, RBI can constitute a special cell in cordination with the central banks of other countries such as China, Europe etc to keep an eye on  its movement for money launderiong activities

*Ethereum is also a block chain technology. So your 2nd argument is wrong. Etherum is open software platform based on blockchain technology that enables the developers to build and deploy decentralised applications. The advantage of ethereum over bitcoin is that it can support many decentralised applications. It is the second most used crypto currency after bitcoin.
** you can write block chain has several application apart from crypto currency like automatic ledger system, fully automated supply chain management, online health monitoring (medical history) of the patients and so on. 
*** Give example of IOTA which is a crypto currency but it is not based on block chain technology. As it has done away with the process of mining. 

6) The triple talaq Bill is a classic example of executive-legislative-judicial collaboration towards ensuring social justice. Critically comment. (250 Words)

1. True. First Supreme court gave verdict  (art 141) that triple Talaq is unconstitutional keeping in mind that Fundamental rights for women (Art21- right ot life , Art 15- prohibition of discrimination based on race religion caste or sex). Under Art 141, any judciial verdict by SC qualifies to become a law. Bit despite such verdict, there were as many 66 cases reported in the next month. So SC asked legialture to come up with a proper legilsation. Then there wrere adequate discussions on the same in the cabinet and draft was approved by the same to be laid down before Lok Sabha.
2. It was passed in the Lok Sabha. So we see the entire process from judicial activism to legislature and executive actions, a necessity to ensure justice
However, this colloboration appeared late. This could have done early. Justice was already denied to women.
1. There are criticism of the exeutive in formulating a law on talak e-biddat(becuse they say that it will be misused by muslim women)
There need to be innovative startegies to handle cases related to dowry act 1961, domestic violence act 2005, and triple talaq, so that duplicity of cases are not there and  justice is ensured (without burdening the courts)

5) Adequate ethical commitment to excellence is holding our nation back from achieving large-scale global academic excellence which is commensurate with our intellectual heritage and calibre. Comment. (250 Words)

Yes. its true. Ethics has always given results. Earlier whn Nalanda University, taxila unversity were the main centres of learning,people flocked from different parts of the world, even China, gave answers to diffciult questions (which were moral in nature), then they were admitted.
But now, even institututes of acadmeic excellence like IITs, AIIMS and IIMs , NITs , have produced uneethical graduates 9reent reported murders from the graduates) hold the nation back
Innovative stratgeis need to be deployed so that our intangible heritage and culture is not affected, for eg.
1. introducing ethics and values as a curriculum even in colleges (IITs, IIMs)
2. ethics competititon among the colleges (inter disciplinary , say between engineering and medical colleges)
3.Civil society auditing the funds allocated in the universities in the name of ethics( street play, dramas to be conducted)

4) To fully understand what secularism in the Indian context means, we must read the Constitution in its entirety. Comment. (250 Words)

1. We get the very first exposure of the term 'secularism' in the preamble of the constitution of india. We get a slight idea on what constitution holds for the people: secular polity.
2. Othe rparts of the constitution, ranging from Secheduled tribes provision in Art 244, IXth schedule, Part III (fundamental rights), part IV (fundamental duties) and Executives (both centre and state) and above Art 141, 142, 144 (judicila provisions) all speak about secular nature. No article supports the religious tint. That is just not in the nature of the constitution as it is the basic structure of the const.
So we must read it in entirety, to fully grasp the above concepts.

3) India and China hold the key to the emerging global political economy. How can both countries, especially India, ensure that the Asian century belongs to them? Comment. (250 Words)

1. We can't leave out small countries . If we want that Asian century belongs to India and China. For. r.g, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan . We need to learn from these countries from their resiurces, their plity, their prob;ems and lend a helping hand. Problems of Rohinigyas in Mayanmar, Current account deficit problems in maldives etc. has to be looked from the humanatarian angles.
2. We should not be afraid, fear the plight of developed coutnries. Why should we fear at the WTO forum to secure our own developmental agenda of public stockholding. If we can be bold, the asian century wil  belong to us.
3. There can be convergence of issues between us for e.g. Doklam issue. but innovative strategies have to be deployed to solve mother divergence issues to solve. Take into account other multilateral institutitons such as BRICS bank, world banke to find iinnovative solution. 

2) What are subduction zone volcanoes? Why their study is important? Examine. (150 Words)

1. recent volcano at Bali is an example of subduction zone volcano. when an oceanic plate is pressed against the continental crust (in this example pacific plate is pressed against the continental plate) This allows the magam to flow outside the crust at the subduction zone due to high pressure (this creates heat and weakens the zone)
2. Their study is important because it serves as the model to study othe volcanos of similar types ( for e.g.Japan has 3 plates - their confluence and subduction have caused volcanos in the past)
3. It helps to study the interior structure of earth- direct evidence
4. It helps to study the environement effect of such volcanos - better preparedness can be done in the future
5. It also helps better intergovernmemtal approach (for e.g. Tsunami earlyw arnign centre in Indian ocean came after 2004 tsunami-)

1) We need to articulate why education is most crucial for removal of poverty, and for India’s development. Why and how we need to articulate the role of education in development? Discuss. (250 Words)

Education is important for development because:
1. historical evidence; britishers relied on education to develop the masses
2. economical evidence: more we educate, more they are capable to contribute to GDP
3. culture: more disciplinied work force, less law and order probpems
4. scientific advancements: better scientific temper (also envisaged by Jawahar Lal Nehru)
5. environemnt: development has to be multi folded- more we educate, more we are able to save the environmentct
All of the above coupled together, will lead to poverty reduction
We can do this in following ways:
1. better infrastructure (both at primary and tertiary level)
2. better quality of teachers and professors
3. independent bodies(such as UGC to be more strengthened) Recently National medial council draft bill has been brought to revamp the medical education( Medical council to be scrapped)
Innovative strategies to be implemented in each of the above steps