4) Does proper implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 act as an obstacle to economic growth? Critically comment. (250 Words)

Yes. It hampers economic growth because
1. the government can not acquire forest area and move ahead with its clearance, for projects such as irrigation, multipurpose dam project, roads, bridges, ponds etc. This is because, the forest dwelers depend on those forest for livelihood.
2. So, it hampers growth, beacsue often, the balance is difficult to be achieved. Rights of forest dwellers have to be taken into account first.
3. Many tiger resreves and wildlife sanctuaries, which lie in the core areas of the bisophere reserve, also hamper the economic growth. So, the economci growth not only hamper rights of forest dwellers but also environment
However, such rights are important for the benefits of the forest dwellers.

5)Discuss the potential of mobile health (mHealth) services in improving rural health scenario. Also discuss issues associated with using mHealth services. (250 Words)

1. it will decrease the time spent in travelling to health  care institutions
2. It will create a sense of safety among the masses, that there is a revolving eye to look after the health
3. many objectives can be combined with the mpbile health services such pulse polio programmes, mobile vaccination services, mobile cashless medicine delivery, mobile citize grievances redressal, mobile video conferncing with the district authorities by the common persons and so on. So the potential is immense
4. It is not a very costly adventure. Pachayat secretaries can coordinate such services, maintining records of beneficiaries , the recipient of m health services
However there are issues with using m health services
1. efficacy monitoring is difficult
2. penetration in rural areas is not as per desired due to various schemes already enrolled by the masses in health sector
3. trust on such services is not achieved fully

3) What is digital protectionism? Is digital protectionism good for India as it has been good for China so far? Analyse. (250 Words)

Barriers placed in order to access digital world- whether it be in firms, cloud, social networks, intelligence gathering, artifical intelligence and so on (entire cyber space) is called digital protectionism.

It is not good for India in the following sectors, since these sectors are still nascent, needs development, innovativeness is required

1. Agriculture. Only recently gov of India came up with e-NAM so, it is still nascent 

2. intelligence gathering, there are still maoists violence in the chattisgarh, millitancy in north east and kasmir. ending digitial protectionism, will not be a good tool to tackle such menace

3. economy, recent frauds such as PNB scam , can be full fledged tackled with the help of digital stratgeies 

4. Science and innovation, it is hard to imagine scientific world without digital world 

However it is advisable to promote protectionism in the following sectors 

1. Social media; there have been instances of hate videos, cultural conflict between west and east, can be best avoided by digital protectionism. For e.g. circulation of 

Say no to any further Karti Chidambram money laundering case in India: what is the solution?

In India, Enforcement Directorate which reports to the Department of revenue of Ministry of Finance is mandated to handle cases pertaining to money laundering under Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. It also deals with cases under Foreign Exchange Management Act. The punishment inflicted on the offenders under these acts is enough so much so that it acts as a deterrent to commit such crimes in future. 

But despite this, we have had such incidents in the past. Most recent one, include Karti Chidambram case, the son of our previous finance minister, P Chidambram in the erstwhile UPA government. The charges framed by Enforcement Directorate upon him, that INX Media firm, of which he was director, had received more than 300 bn $ foreign capital. The capital was received in violation of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. It also did no receive a go ahead from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board. 

So, what is the solution to such crimes. And that too seen in high profile cases, where son of a former finance minister is involved. Is it that law protects such people? CBI, did a right thing  in framing charges, as per the provision of law. CBI did  a right thing in preserving the mandate of the constitutional right, Article 14. It says there should be equality before law. No person, rich or poor is above the law. Everyone is equal before law. 

So, even though, right to equality is respected, what can be the checks and safeguards to prevent such cases coming up in the first instance?

Innovative solutions will be required. 

1. Any media firm, TV news agency, corporate that are actively involved in social work, NGOs, Charitable institutions etc. will have to be carefully monitored in terms of income tax they are paying. The first year they pay income tax, a copy of the return need to be submitted to banks and financial institution, with which they have a regular transaction. A copy to be submitted to the district court, in the jurisdiction of which such firms lie. A copy to be submitted to the finance minister and a copy to be sent to the cabinet.

Next year, when they file rerturn, the same copy to be submitted to these institutions . Again next year, a copy to be sent to these institutions. Now we have 3 data sets. These data sets then need to be cross checked by each other, whether they are receiving the same copy. The trends of the income tax need to be analysed. 

In case, the income tax increases more than a threshold (threshold to be decided by a competent authority), then the firm need to send justification in written format to these institutions. 

The above process will  instill a fear in these firms. Regualtions are important. Fear is important to keep fraud in abeyance. 

2. We can adopt some methods deployed by developed countries such as USA. There is a law called Fixing Americas Surface Transportation Act (FAST). According to this act, the authority impound the passport of the tax payer, if the tax amount is above a threshold. This restricts the movement of the fraudster and he or she can not make a fast exit. The government of India plans to have passport details of all large borrowers, where the loan amount is greater than 50 Crore is a step in the similar direction. 

3. If we look at tax evasion and money laundering cases closely, such frauds have not been committed by an organisation. There have always been some individual behind such large defaults. For e.g. Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi were the individuals behind PNB Letters of Undertaking Scam. This is more of a moral and ethical issue. So the individuals need to be targeted proactively. The methods can be: any loan advance, advance tax, foreign remittances, gifts in form of estate, luxury cars, etc. should come to the eye of income tax department. If such transfers happen frequently: more than twice a month; more than 6 times in half a year; or a dozen times in a year; then a software should be able to catch the details of such individuals from the database of the taxpayers.

And this is not a too diffcult job to perform. When we resorted to  Operation Clean Money, post demonetisation, it was based on a algorithm based software which could predict that source of money. Then it was communicated to the concerned authority automatically. Similar software needs to be designed for this purpose. 

4. More vigilance on foreign banks is required. Although , public sector banks outnumber private sector banks, strict vigilance is needed on the transaction in such banks. Because global financial crisis of 2008, was more private banks based, than public sector banks. So they are more vulnerable.

5. Robust international network of information exchange. There should be neither leakages from the network, neither influx of additional malign information in the network. Neither there should be emission of data. The data should flow in a closed loop, with no factor responsible for any data loss. Recently, with reference to PNB scam, SWIFT network was found not completely connected to core banking solutions network. This resulted in data loss and hence the scam. 

6. RBI should come forward with innovative strategies in consultation with different stakeholders.

The solutions are manifold, if we atleast ponder over the issues of money laundering. Laundering of money happens also because of shell companies, because of which tax evasion becomes easier. It is a new phenomena. It has been in existence since the times of Mughal rule. There were many intermediaries to collect the revenue for the state. This was called revenue farming of ijardari system. Due to a large number of revenue farmers (intermediaries), the state revenue started falling. Because there were many leakages. Similarly, shell companies work. There are so many shell companies, that it becomes difficult to trace the origin of default. 

But still, it is not difficult to predict the same in this age of digital revolution. Where there is a will, there is a way, to prevent any further money laundering case in India.

***
Translated it into Hindi via Google translation
भारत में, प्रवर्तन निदेशालय, जो वित्त मंत्रालय के राजस्व विभाग को रिपोर्ट करता है कि धन शोधन निवारण अधिनियम, 2002 के तहत धन शोधन संबंधी मामलों से निपटने के लिए अनिवार्य है। यह विदेशी मुद्रा प्रबंधन अधिनियम के तहत मामलों का भी निपटारा करता है। इन कृत्यों के तहत अपराधियों पर दी गई दंड इतनी बड़ी है कि यह भविष्य में ऐसे अपराध करने के लिए एक निवारक के रूप में काम करता है।

लेकिन इसके बावजूद, हमें अतीत में ऐसी घटनाएं हुई हैं। सबसे हाल ही में एक, हमारे पूर्व वित्त मंत्री का पुत्र, कार्ती चिदंबरम मामले, पूर्व यूपीए सरकार में पी चिदंबरम शामिल हैं। प्रवर्तन निदेशालय द्वारा उस पर लगाए गए आरोपों पर, आईएनएक्स मीडिया फर्म, जिसमें से वह निदेशक थे, को 300 अरब डॉलर से अधिक विदेशी पूंजी प्राप्त हुई थी। विदेशी मुद्रा प्रबंधन अधिनियम के उल्लंघन में पूंजी प्राप्त हुई थी यह भी विदेशी निवेश संवर्धन बोर्ड से आगे नहीं प्राप्त किया था

तो, ऐसे अपराधों का समाधान क्या है और वह भी उच्च प्रोफ़ाइल के मामलों में देखा गया है, जहां एक पूर्व वित्त मंत्री का बेटा शामिल है। क्या ऐसा कानून ऐसे लोगों की सुरक्षा करता है? कानून के प्रावधान के अनुसार सीबीआई ने आरोप तय करने में सही काम किया है। संविधानिक अधिकार, अनुच्छेद 14 के जनादेश को सुरक्षित रखने में सीबीआई ने सही काम किया। यह कहते हैं कि कानून से पहले समानता होना चाहिए। कोई भी व्यक्ति, अमीर या गरीब कानून के ऊपर नहीं है। कानून के मुताबिक हर कोई समान है

इसलिए, हालांकि, समानता का अधिकार का सम्मान किया जाता है, ऐसे मामलों को रोकने के लिए चेक और सुरक्षा उपाय क्या हो सकते हैं?

अभिनव समाधान की आवश्यकता होगी।
1. किसी भी मीडिया फर्म, टीवी न्यूज़ एजेंसी, कॉरपोरेट, जो सामाजिक कार्य, एनजीओ, चैरिटेबल संस्थानों में सक्रिय रूप से शामिल हैं, को ध्यान में रखकर उन्हें भुगतान कर रहे आयकर के मामले में सावधानी से निगरानी रखना होगा। पहले साल वे आयकर का भुगतान करते हैं, वापसी की एक प्रति बैंकों और वित्तीय संस्थानों को प्रस्तुत की जानी चाहिए, जिसके साथ उनका नियमित लेनदेन होता है। जिला अदालत में एक प्रति को प्रस्तुत किया जाना है, जिसके अधिकार क्षेत्र में ऐसी कंपनियां झूठी हैं वित्त मंत्री को प्रस्तुत की जाने वाली एक प्रति और कैबिनेट को भेजे जाने की एक प्रति

अगले साल, जब वे रिस्ट्रन फाइल करते हैं, तो इन संस्थानों को एक ही कॉपी जमा करनी होगी। फिर से अगले साल, एक कॉपी इन संस्थानों को भेज दी जाएगी। अब हमारे पास 3 डेटा सेट हैं इन आंकड़ों को सेट करते हैं तो एक-दूसरे द्वारा क्रॉस चेक की आवश्यकता होती है, चाहे वे एक ही कॉपी प्राप्त कर रहे हों। आयकर के रुझान का विश्लेषण किया जाना चाहिए।

अगर आयकर एक थ्रेसहोल्ड (एक सक्षम प्राधिकारी द्वारा तय किए जाने की दहलीज) से ज्यादा बढ़ जाता है, तो फर्म को इन संस्थानों के लिखित प्रारूप में औचित्य भेजने की आवश्यकता होती है।

उपरोक्त प्रक्रिया इन फर्मों में डर पैदा करेगी। Regualtions महत्वपूर्ण हैं घबराहट में धोखाधड़ी को रखने के लिए डर महत्वपूर्ण है

2. हम विकसित देशों जैसे अमेरिका जैसे कुछ तरीके तैनात कर सकते हैं। फिक्स्डिंग अमेरिका सर्फेस ट्रांसपोर्टेशन एक्ट (फास्ट) नामक एक कानून है इस अधिनियम के अनुसार, प्राधिकारी कर दाता का पासपोर्ट जुटाता है, अगर कर की सीमा एक सीमा से ऊपर है इससे धोखेबाज के आंदोलन को प्रतिबंधित किया जाता है और वह तेज़ी से निकास नहीं कर सकता भारत सरकार ने सभी बड़े उधारकर्ताओं का पासपोर्ट विवरण रखने की योजना बनाई है, जहां ऋण की राशि 50 करोड़ से अधिक है, इसी तरह की दिशा में एक कदम है।

3. अगर हम टैक्स चोरी और मनी लॉन्ड्रिंग मामलों को बारीकी से देखते हैं, तो ऐसे धोखाधड़ी को किसी संगठन द्वारा नहीं किया गया है। ऐसे बड़े चूक के पीछे हमेशा कुछ व्यक्ति रहा है उदाहरण के लिए निरूपम मोदी और मेहुल चोकसी पीएनबी पत्रों के तहत गैरकानूनी घोटाले के पीछे थे। यह एक नैतिक और नैतिक मुद्दे के अधिक है इसलिए व्यक्तियों को लगातार लक्षित करने की आवश्यकता है विधियां निम्न हो सकती हैं: किसी भी ऋण अग्रिम, अग्रिम कर, विदेशी प्रेषण, संपत्ति के रूप में उपहार, लक्जरी कार आदि आदि आयकर विभाग की नजर में आना चाहिए। यदि इस तरह के स्थानांतरण अक्सर होते हैं: महीने में दो बार से अधिक; आधे से ज्यादा साल में 6 गुना अधिक; या एक वर्ष में एक दर्जन बार; तब एक सॉफ्टवेयर करदाताओं के डेटाबेस से ऐसे व्यक्तियों के विवरण को पकड़ने में सक्षम होना चाहिए।

और यह प्रदर्शन करने के लिए बहुत मुश्किल काम नहीं है। जब हम ऑपरेशन क्लीन मनी पर चढ़ाई करते थे, तो यह एक एल्गोरिथ्म आधारित सॉफ्टवेयर पर आधारित था जो अनुमान लगा सकता था कि पैसे का स्रोत है। इसके बाद संबंधित प्राधिकरण को इसे स्वचालित रूप से सूचित किया गया इस उद्देश्य के लिए इसी प्रकार के सॉफ्टवेयर को तैयार करने की आवश्यकता है।

4. विदेशी बैंकों पर अधिक सतर्कता आवश्यक है। हालांकि, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंक निजी क्षेत्र के बैंकों की तुलना में अधिक हैं, ऐसे बैंकों में लेनदेन के लिए सख्त सतर्कता की आवश्यकता है। क्योंकि 2008 के वैश्विक वित्तीय संकट सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों की तुलना में अधिक निजी बैंक थे। इसलिए वे अधिक संवेदनशील हैं

5. सूचना विनिमय के मजबूत अंतरराष्ट्रीय नेटवर्क। न तो नेटवर्क से छेड़छाड़ होना चाहिए, न ही नेटवर्क में अतिरिक्त दुर्भावनापूर्ण जानकारी का प्रवाह होना चाहिए। न तो डेटा का उत्सर्जन होना चाहिए। किसी भी डेटा हानि के लिए कोई कारक जिम्मेदार नहीं है, डेटा एक बंद लूप में प्रवाह होना चाहिए। हाल ही में, पीएनबी घोटाले के संदर्भ में, स्विफ्ट नेटवर्क वाई....

1) The stupa is an important form of Buddhist architecture, though it predates Buddhism. Discuss the religious, architectural and philosophical significance of various Buddhist stupas. (250 Words)

Religious significance is that 

1. It is a symbolic mark of Bddhism in India. By loooking at a stupa, we come to know, that this place have had influence of Buddhism in the past

2. It also signifies that people lioviign around Stupa, profess Buddhism to a certain extent. FOr e.g. in Maharashtra, we find many stupas, and in Maharshtra , a certain population profess Buddhism, Same applies for Bihar (Sarnath)

3. In some places, like in Ellora, there are stupas along with the temples of various faiths. This shows that Hinduism, Jainism was also contemporary to Buddhism

Architectural significance

1. Circumbulatory passages of Stupas- for encircling and paying respect to the deity, this was unique

2. Jataka stories sculpted on the Torans- this was also unique, not seen in any other religion, for eg. Hinduism 

3. Majority of stupas made of burnt bricks- signify that architecture was not too much advanced during that period as seen in Tanjore temples

4. First architectural design to preserve the nails, and body parts. This is unique, though we see, tomb architecture in Islam, but they were not carved with teachings and stories. 

Philosophical significance

1. Stupas signfy that bodies are mortal. Only karma exists. Buddhism was the first religion who propounded the theory of Karma through Noble Truths and 8 Fold Paths

2. Philosophy teachers stories need to be preserved. So they were carved in edicts.

2) Adivasis cannot be equal citizens until they are considered holistically as a part of cultural and ecospheres with unique customs and practices, and not just as welfare recipients receiving doles. Critically comment why discrimination and atrocities against Adivasis in India continues unabated, even in states that are educationally advanced. (250 Words)

They remian unabated due to the following factors
1. Their culture which is not in mainstream with the society. For e.fg. which section of the scoiety practice Jhum cultivation in central India, or Maharatshtra? None. So, many downlook upon them- including civil scoiety and NGOs
2. They are too shy to protest. There was an incident where a photogrpher was taking phtographs of naked women in north east. This is against the dignity of women and their right to life- Art 21
3. They look different than most of the people in India. The reason may be attributed to some Tibetan influence, or say chinese influence, cross breeding amon the individuals in the long past . We can not do much about it now. But we have to protect them.
4. They lack much of scientific attitude. Rest of India talsk about digital india, bo pharma mission, and atal innovation mission, are these missions also replicated in north east in letter and spirit? If the adivasis can also develop scientific temper, we can prevent the discrimination and atrocities in them
5. Environmental benefits: They have long been dependent on forest resources for their livelihood. While the rest of india depend upon super market chains, multi brand retail outlets and vegetable mandis in the town. This is a stark difference. If we can eliminate this difference, then we can prevent the atrocities against them.
Innovative approach and iron wll is required based on laws of the land and constitution.

3) The Mughal style evolved as a result of a happy synthesis of the indigenous Indian style of painting and the Safavid school of Persian painting. It is primarily aristocratic and secular. Discuss. (250 Words)

Yes, it evolved as an indigenous style of painting because, of the following factors

1. The seat of Mughals was in Delhi. it was a secular seat away from the influence of any religious tone. Even Bhakti movements which evolved, were concentrated in southern india and northern india such as UP.

2. There were many branches of culture that originated from nearby delhi, like Mathura in UP, agra, bundelkhand etc. None had a religious overtone so much so that mughal style of painting also turned secular. 

3. Nadir Shah had invaded India from persia. And so, the culture from these different sections of the world inter mingled. Similarly, Ahmed Shah abdali also invaded Agra, Mathura. Hence it had aristocratic influence. 

4. Mughal rule was spread over almost whole of India, except, some of the southern states and north eastern states. So the mughal style of painting had elements from almost different corner of India. So, it was a happy synthesis of indigenous style of painting.

5. None of the other cultural elements was far more superior than mughal painting, so it remained an aristocratic influence.

*Bhakti movement was contemporary to Mughal rule. You are correct

2) Discuss the features of the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018. Why is human trafficking is on the rise in India in recent years? Critically examine. (250 Words)

Since, the bill covers dimensions such as prevention, protection and rehabilitation- all three in one, it is a good step.
1. This can be analysed from the point of view of land acquisition act 1894. This act did not have rehabilitation clause. So an improvement was done in 2013. Rehabilitation and resettlement clause was brought. This was widely acclaimed. In a similar way, trifficaking of persons act , earlier was immoral traffic prevention Act. This act does not have rehabilitation clause.
2. This act is proponent of Art 21 of the constitution- Right to life (implied fundamental right). Also Art23-  a fundamental right which bars immoral trafficking in the constitution of India
3. This will boost employment of youth in the country. The youth who shall be prevented and rehabilitated will be brought into main stream of the society.
4. It will give ample powers to the state government in executing the provisions of the act.
However, there are some issues
1. Why does this bil ldoes not vest any power to stop such incidents  to the local bodies. We can learn from countries such as Africa, which has stopped such child trafficking incidents, based on successful attempts by local NGOs, local bodies and political will
2. Nirbhaya fund have been often criticised that it is not used for the purpose. Will the fund alloted for rehabilitation will be optimally used is still a aquestion
Human traffickin is on rise in India due to following reasons
1. global scenario- in middle east, nigeria in africa, war like situation where these trafficked children are used as sex slaves
2. Too much exposure of social media
3. Open borders with a number of countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Mayanmar
4. Neighbourhood countries such as Pakistan- differences with them over terrorism issues
5. Sadist approach by some section of the society -who does not want to whistle blow or help 

Words of Wisdom by TSR Subramaniam

A word for those who are going to appear in the examinations, and thereafter in the interview. While ‘book knowledge’ will be tested, the examiners and the interview board, who are generally well experienced, would try to test comprehension, quick thinking, decision-making ability – definitely attitude – not just mastery over an individual subject. This is as should be, because the young officer in the district, and later the policymaker in the secretariat will be every day confronted with the unknown and the unfamiliar – he has to search and find the best route forward, sometimes working in the dark. A general appreciation of public affairs and deep overall comprehension are essential for success. 

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MMka2D5c8agC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=deep+comprehnesion+meaning&source=bl&ots=zG5329HbCf&sig=Ma5MaCLeg_lTzyNLbAnXVdILwEA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJp-WEvs7ZAhVIvY8KHXxeAEUQ6AEIYjAI#v=onepage&q=deep%20comprehnesion%20meaning&f=false

1) The period between the Sangam Age and the Pallavas — the second to the sixth centuries CE — were trying times for Tamil literature and the Hindu religion. What happened during this time? How did the arrival of Bhakti movement help in revival of Tamil culture and literature? Examine. (250 Words)

During this time, Sangam literature had started losing importance, both in terms of written works and citations. The reason was that kingdoms like Pallava, were more focussed on exapnding their empire rather than contributing to the literature. So, these were hard times for Sangam literature.

1. It can also be comprehended, that for the same reason, other kingdoms like Cholas, Pandyas (along Vaigai) etc and Cheras, failed to uplift the Sangam literature.

Bhakti movement spurred the moment. A push was needed to uplift the literature, which came from Bhakti movement. Because

1. It had nothing to do with the expansion of empires

2. It had philosophical and social basis. So it proved a generic push to Sangam literature. As the latter was based on the social gatherings

3. The reformers who led the Bhakti movement, were patient. They did not drop the movement, even in the face of criticism. So bhakti movement could revive Tamil literature. 

4. It also established the fact that a faithful relationship between the almighty and the worshipper is enough. Recitation by priests is not needed. This was admired by Tamil culture. So, Tamil culture also got revived.