1) Critically comment why and how female genital mutilation (FGM) practices such as khatna or khafz that are practised in India and elsewhere must be prevented. Also comment on implications of practises such as FGM on human rights and gender equality. (250 Words)

It should be prevented because
1. It is attack on fundamental right to life Art21.
2. Women live with that scar for the rest of life reminding them of the hurt they received
3. It is differentiation from other religious counterparts, Hindu, Christian women do not undergo such processes
4. It strengthens the spirit of Fatwa givers- who proclaim self proclaimed Islam protector
5. It is  a societal sin
6. This was not the culture since historic times, the why should it be followed now.

It can be prevented by following innovative ways
1. First preventing such practices for all those women who  have not conceived child
2. For those who conceived child, taking their consent
3. Banning Fatwas related to these practices on the basis of Fundamental right Art 21- right to life. The laws supplementary to such fundamental rights need to implemented.
4. registering societies including women who are victims (under Societies Act 1860)

Implications are
1. Women subjected to humiliation, not empowered to take decisions independently
2. Throws open wrong picture of Islam as a religion which speaks basic human rights in Quran- the holy book of Islam